tc&. 






S::ia&.. 





Chiss T3S3 



\ ( -op\Tiglil X^ 




COWUICMT DKPOSIT. 



^\ 



MKCHANICAL DRAWING 

OUTLINE OF COURSE ENGINEERING Sa, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



REVISED FOR 1906-07 



F. L. KENNEDY 
■I 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF DRAWING AND MACHINE DESIGN 

A. E. NORTON 

INSTRUCTOR IN MECHANICAL DRAWING AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY 



CArvlBRIDGE, MASS. 
190T 



^'k' 



4 



LJSKABY of CONGRESS j 

I Two Coules Htieeired 
AUG 9 190? 



CLASS A i'vXc, No, 
COf-Y b. t 



Special acknowledgment is due Professor G. C. Anthony, whose Text Book, 
"Mechanical Drawing," has suggested several of the exercises and problems given 
in these notes. 



Copyright, 1907 
F. L. Kennedy 



I 



MEMORANDUM 



General 
Directions 



1. Directions in regard to the conduct of the course will be 
given at the lectures, and, when necessary, will be published 
in the Bulletin Board. Each student will be expected to note 
these directions, or, if absent fi'om a lecture, to obtain them 
from some fellow-student. In any case he will be held respon- 
sible for all information given at the lectures or in the IJuIletin 
Board. 

2. Special directions given by any of the instructors in 
regard to the work of the course will be held valid only when 
accompanied by a written statement on the sheets, or on suit- 
able blanks. Oral instructions cannot be verified, and will, 
therefore, be given no consideration. 

3. Credit for attending a meeting of the course is given on 
the understanding that a student has reported at the office at 
the beginning of the session, and has been in continuous attend- 
ance from that time until the end of the session. 



Excused 4. A student whose absences have been excused at the 

Absences office can have his attendance record in this course con-ected 

by bringing a memorandum suitably endorsed by the office. 

This memorandiun should be presented not later than one week 

after the absence. 



Special 
Directions 
in Writing 



Attend- 
ance 



5. All work, to be accepted, must be handed in at the Handing 



appointed times by the student personally, and not by proxy 



in Work 



6. A date set for overdue work will he considered final. Overdue 
No work presented after that date will be accepted, unless '^o^^ 
previous agreement in writing has been made. 

7. Each student is strongly advised to place an identifying Instru- 
mark on all his materials, including drawing insti-uments. All ™6iit8 and 
instruments and materials are left in the lockers during the 

year at the student's own risk, and must be removed from the 
lockers on or before the date set for the final examination. All 
articles not removed will be considered abandoned, and will be 
treated accordingly. 

8. Tests will be held from tune to time during the year. Tests 
The results of these tests will have a very considerable weight 

in judging the work of the course. No make-ups will be given, 
but in special cases where a student is unable to be present at 
the time of a test, he may make arrangements to take it in 
adoance. Unsatisfaetorj' work in the tests niai/ sei-ve as a 
ground for failure in the course, without regard to the quality 
of the di'aftins; work. 



i 



PLATE 1 -GENERAL IXSTRUCTIONS 



METHOD OF LAYING OUT DRA^V^NG SHEET -USE OF MATERIALS 

lecturf: datk _ „ 



6 



PLATE i-ge:n^eral instritctioin s 

METHOD OF LAYING OUT DRAWING SHEET — USE OF MATERIALS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Fold and cut sheet into four equal parts. 

The kind of paper used in this course is known as "Duplex." 



II. Thumb tack one part to Drawing Board. (One thumb tack 
in each comer.) 



III. Fig. 10. With T-square laid across corners draw sliort, light 
lines A B and C D, thus finding approximate centre of 
sheet. (Use 6 H PencU.) 



IV. Fig. 11. With T-square di-aw EF {light) through centre. 
With Triangle draw GH. These are called "Centre 
Lines " of sheet. 



V. Fig. 12. Along Centre Lines lay off 9 inches horizontally 
and 6 inches vertically, each side of centre. (Use Trian- 
gular Scale as shown.) With T-square and Triangle draw 
rectan^e as shown. This is called the " Cutting Line." 



VI. Fig. 13. Again, lay off 8 in. and 5 in. on Centie Lines 
and complete second rectangle. This is called the 
"Border Line." 



VII. Fig. 14. The result is a sheet as shown; 18 in. by 12 in. 
{outside measurement) with 1 inch Border all round. This 
is called the " Layout of Sheet." 



NOTES 

A. Pencil.* 

(a) 6H pencil sharpened, on Sand Paper pad, with chisel 
point. {Fig. 1.) 

Used for Laying out Sheets and Blocking out Drawings, 
{b) 2 H pencil sharpened, on pad, with round point. (Fig. 2.) 

Used for Pointing Off Distances, Strengthening Outlines, and 
Lettering . 

(c) Compass pencil sharpened as in — {Fig. 3.) 

Use 6 H for Blocking out ; 2 H f or Strengthening. 

Use small Needle Point end in other leg of compasses. 

{Fig. 4.) 

B. Pen. 

(a) Have both nibs touching paper {Fig. 5), not {Fig. 6). 

{b) Do not Jill pen too full. 

(c) Clean pen often with pen-wiper. 



C. T-Square. 

(a) Always use T-Square at Left end of board. 

If left-handed, change to Right end. 
{b) Always draw along upjyer edge of T-square. 



{Fig. 7.) 



D. Triangles. 

(a) Always use triangles on top edge of T-square. 

Wherever possible draw with light coming from Direction (A) . 

{Fig. 7.) 

{b) To draw Parallel lines, slide triangle along some Straight 
Edge (either T-square or another triangle). {Fig. 8.) 

(c) To draw Perpendicular to a given line, as A B, place 
triangle against a Straight Edge, as shown ia. full lines; 
then turn triangle to dotted position, slide along to 
required point and draw perpendicular CD. {Fig. 9.) 

* Whenever possible draw the lines from Left to Right and from 
Bottom towards Top of sheet. 



I 



! 

Thus Not Thus 

If// 


^:_;^ 


\ 


HUS 


1 




' 




Plate. 



PLATE 2 -LETTERING 



LFXTURE DATE._ 



10 



PLATE 2 — LETTERING 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Lay out sheet as explained. (Page 6.) 

II. Draw all guide lines for letters, vei-y light, spaced as shown. 
Use 6 H pencil, sharpened as shown l)y Page 6-A-a. 

III. Draw freehand the letters and figures indicated on opposite 
page. 

This page shows arrangement only. Consult Page 105 for constnic- 
tion of letters. 

(a) Use 2 H pencil. (Sharpened as shown-by Page 6-A-b.) 
(6) Press lightly. 

(c) Make letters round and full. 

(d) Avoid crowding. 



IV. Make the small letters ^ inch high ; the capitals and figures 
j^ inch high. 

This size will be called "Standard," and will be used for 
general lettering throughout the course. 

In fractions make numerator and denominator figm-es each 
about § standard size. 



V. Add Title. 

(a) Draw base line for title h inch, below Border Line, 
{h) Begin title far enough to the left to end exactly under (A). 
To do this, determine length of title by blocking it out on another 
paper, or on margin outside of Cutting Line. 



NOTES 

A. All statements enclosed in Rectangles are to be omitted from 
the drawing sheets. 

They are for direction only. 



B. The numerical dimensions given on the blue piints may not 
always agree with the "scale" (proportion) or with the 
exact arrangement shown. In such cases foUow the 
dimensions. This is the general rule in reading working 
di'awings. 



C. The lettering used in this course is an adaptation of the 
'■'■ Reinhardt" Gothic Alphabet. See '■'■ Lettering" hj 
Charles W. Reinhardt. 



Cutting Line 




"-»i[~*j ^Eng'g 3a :^ Shreet f - John HafYa riiT -"mn 



of Letters see p<age \OS 



PI Q\^ 



•i 



# 



PLATE 3 -PRACTICE IN PENCIL LINES l.J 

LECTURE DATE 



14 



PLATE 3 -PRACTICE 11^ PENCIL LINES 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Upijer Lejl. Houizontai, Lines. 

(rt) Space off with scale along Vertical Centre Line of sheet. 
(b) Begin at To2) and work down. (Use T-square.) 

II. Upper Right. Vertical Lines. 

(a) Space off along Horizontal Centre Line. 

(b) Begin at Left and work to Right. (Use T-square and 

Triangle. 



III. Lower Left. Slanting Lines. 

(o) Use T-square and 45° Triangle. 

IV. Lower Right. Parallel Lines. 
(«) Draw Parallelogram ABCD. 
(6) Outside draw lines parallel to A B. 
(c) Liside " " " " B C. 

(Use Method given on Page 6-D-h.) 

V. Add Title as shown on Plate 2. 



NOTES 

Lines to be : — 

(a) Fine. 

(6) XJniforin. 

(c) Accurately drawn. 

(Use 6 H pencil, sharpened as shown by Page 6-A-a.) 



e 




Plate 



PLATE 4 — PRACTICE WITH INSTRIIMENTS 

LECTURE DATE 



18 



PLATE 4 — PRACTICE AVITH INSTRUMENTS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Ex. 1. Given two Circles, 3 inches diam. and 4 mc/;e,sdiam., 
respectively. 

Circumscribe Hexagons. 

The larger with two sides horizontal, the smaller with two sides vortical. 

Use T-square and 60° Triangle only. 

II. Ex. 2. Given Circle .S.J in. diam. 

(a) Draw lines 13° apart as shown. Use T-square, 45° 
and 60" Triangles only. 

(h) On left half of Circle draw Tangent at end of every other 
line by method of 2 Triangles. See Page 6-D-c. 

(c) On right half of Circle draw Tangent at end of any 3 
lines by geometiy. 

See note at bottom of opposite page. 

III. Ex. 3. Given Circle 3^ in. diam. Lay off angles as shown. 
(Use Protractor.) 

Do not add arrows or figures. 

III. Ex. 4. Given Line at angle of 37J° with Horizontal. (Use 
Protractor. ) 

On this line as base draw a regular Hexagon, each side 
:= 1^ inch. (Use any accurate method that suggests itself.) 

V. Ex. 5. Given Circle 3^ in. diam. Inscribe a regular Pen- 
tagon. (For other polygons, see Page 107.) 

VI. Ex. 6. Given Circle 4 in. diam. Inscribe small circles as 
shown. 

Use Jioiv Pencil on smaller circles. 



NOTES 

Straight Lines and Circles to be : — 

(a) Fine. 

(b) Uniform. 

(c) Accurately dravm. 

Use 6 5" Pencil and 6^ lead in Compasses. 
(Sharpened as shown by Page 6-A—c.) 



%^ 



L 



1 







1^. i>..» ^.. wie thro" p, < 

Dr-ow cd +hr-o* s. pd =r per-j .:-..-. 

CAngle cpd inscribed i o semi-c/rcle - 90° ) 



Plate 4-, 



PLATE 5 — PRACTICE WITH INSTRUMENTS {continued) 21 

LECTURE DATE „ 



22 



PLATE 5 — PRACTICE WITH INSTRUMENTS {contmued) 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Two sheets will be made from this plate. 

On the first draw the upper row of figures (Ex. 1, 2, 3, 
and 4), tlien repeat them below in place of Ex. 5, 6, 
and 7. 

On the second draw Ex. 5, 6, and 7 in the upper half of the 
sheet and repeat them below. 

11. Both sheets are to be finished in pencil only and handed in. 
At a later date they will be given back for an exercise in 
inking. 



SPECIAL DIRECTIONS FOR INKING 

1. (o) Uo not fill pen too full. (See Page 6-5.) 
(h) Clean pen often. 

2. All lines to be Black and of Medium Width, except 

Border, which is to be Heavy and added last. (See 
note on blue print.) 

3. In inking, proceed in same manner as with pencil. 

Begin at Left and work towards Right, and from Top work towards 
Boitora. 

4. In Ex. 4 di-aw lines to point P, not away from it. 

5. In Ex. 5 and 7, omit Centre Lines. 

6. In Ex. 6, ink only the final outline as shown at bottom of 

the blue print. 

7. In Lettering use drawing ink and writing pen. 

8. Do not ink Cutting Line. 



NOTES 

Lines to be : (a) FINE. 

(b) UNIFORM. 

(c) ACCURATE. 

Ex. 1. Space lines \ in. apart. 

Ex. 2. Space points J in. horizontally and vertically. 
(Lines at 45°.) 

Ex. 3. Space lines ^ in. apart. 

First draw diagonal ; then draw lines in order, A, B, C, D, etc. 

Ex. 4. Space points ^ in. apart. 

Ex. 5. Spiral. 

(a) Make a c = J m. ; ab ^ ^ in. 

(b) With a as centre, draw all semicircles above horizontal 
line. With b as centre, all semicircles below. 

Use a and b alternately to develop Spiral. Continue as far as 
possible without conflict. 

Ex. 6. Tangent Arcs. 

Outside cu'cle of rim 4 in. diam. ; inside, 3^ in. Spokes 
f in. wide, centre lines 120° apart. Radius of tangent 



arcs 



5 
TB" 



Ex. 7. Space points J in. apart on horizontal line". Com- 
plete figure as shown. 



Use Bow Pencil for small circles. 

Draw all curves of one radius at one time. 



# 




&x.-t 



^x. 2- 



dELx. 3. 




Motel: I »^ Inking maxe. 

Medium Lines aboot 1"hus 
Border Line about +)nus : 



Plate 



^ 



PLATE 6 — COXIC SECTIONS 



25 




Use of French Curve or Scroll 

Given a series of points to be joined by a smooth curve. 

Find portion of Scroll to fit as many points as possible (as 
a, b, C, d). Then draw from a to k (about half way 
between c and d). Change Scroll to fit cdef, etc. (as 
many more points as possible) and continue the curve from 
k to half way between the last two points. Continue thus. 



LECTURE 



DATE. 



26 



PLATE 6 -CONIC SECTIONS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. From the problems on this plate a selection will be made. 
The data and layout will be given out at the lecture. 

II. Cari-y out the construction (very lightly with 611 pencil) for 
as many points as seem necessary to draw accurately and 
smoothly each curve. Then draw the outlines of the curves 
using "French Curve " or " Scroll". (See Page 25.) 
At ends, if French Curve does not fit the points ^rell, short arcs 
may be drawn with bow pencil. 

III. This sheet may be given back later for an exercise in inking 
with French Curve. 

NOTES 

A. Ellipse — Parabola — Hyperbola. 

These cui-ves belong to the family of Conic Sections, so 
called because they are derived by the intersection of planes 
with the surface of a Cone. 

Their exact derivation will be taken up in Plate 15. This sheet 
deals merely with certain geometrical methods of drawing them. 

B. PROBLEM 1. 'Emi^se {First method) . 

(a) The Ellipse can be defined as the path traced by a point, 
the sum of whose distances from two fixed points 
always remains constant. 

The two fixed points (fi and %) ^-re called " Foci " 
(singular, " Focus ") . 

The long diameter or Length of Ellipse (ab) is called 
the " Major Axis." 

The short diameter or Width (cd) is called "Minor 
Axis." 
{h) After locating the foci, find several points in each quad- 
rant as indicated for point p. Join them with the 
French Cui-ve. 

It will be seen that the sum of the distances from the Foci to 
the moving point will always equal the Major Axis. Then, with 
Major and Minor Axes given, the Foci can be found by drawing 
arc with Radius B = i Major Axis, and one end of Minor Axis 
as centre. The rest of the construction follows the definition 
given above. (See diagram.) 



NOTES (CONTINUED) 

C. PROBLEM 2. "ElMipse {Second Method). 
This method does not require the foci to be found. 

D. PROBLEMS. TarSiholSi {First Method). 

The Parabola can be defined as the path traced by a point 
moving so that its distance from a given point shall always 
be equal to its distance from a given straight line. 

The fixed point (f ) is called the focus. 

The straight line (ab) is called the directrix. 

The point (v) is called the vertex. 

After the focus and directrix are located, the construction is carried 

out as indicated. 

E. PROBLEM 4. 'Pei.rQ\iO\& {Second Method). 

This method is useful when one desires the parabola to have 
its vertex at v and to pass through another given point 
(as a). Neither the focus nor the directrix is needed. 

F. PROBLEM 5. Hyperbola. 

The Hyperbola can be defined as the path traced by a point 
moving so that the difference of its distances from two 
fixed points is always constant. 

The construction indicated follows the definition. 

Compare with first method for the Ellipse. 

G. PROBLEM 6. Rectangular Hyperbola. 

The equation of this curve (referred to axes OX and O Y) 
is xy =1 constant. The curve is a special case of the 
Hyperbola but further analysis of it is left to Analytic 
Geometry. 

With one point (as a) located by the above equation, the curve can 
be drawn as indicated. If continued it would extend upward from a. 

This construction is much used in the representation of the Theo- 
retical Indicator Card of a Steam Engine. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) How would the Ellipse change if the foci were drawn nearer 

the centre ? 

( 2 ) How would the Ellipse change if the foci were drawn farther 

from it? 

(3) What would the ElKpse approach in each of the above cases? 



}^ " ^ 1 








'7k 



Given : a b 



La_y of f ab 

Take rT= an^ length 



foc«Xs_^ 



vertex 



Directrix 




PROB.I -ELLIPSE 

b f^rs\ Method) 



/ Given :civ=vf- 



fp = pb 



Lay Off Q b 

To lee rr= CI "^ y length 

r:= r- ab 



PROB.3 -PARABOLA 
(First MeThodj 



Given; a b 




PR0B.5- HYPERBOLA 






(2i o m -any line thro O 

(3) m p« vert. ^ np * bori 

(4) ^« point on ellipse 



PR0B.Z-ELLIP5E 
(Second MeThod) 



Given :ab= bK* 






(ODivideaband Qceachmt 



N ports 

ifL) d[£(}3orallclto bv) cut 

ev af p 
(3) p- point on Parabola 

PR0B.4-PARABOLA 
(Second MeThod) 







Given x = 1 


5 



(0 orn « any line thro O 
W mp 'vert, np - horiz 
C3J p »pt on curve 



Continue Curve 



PROB. e 

RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA 



9s 



I 



PLATE 7 -CYCLOIDS 



29 




To Rectify a given Arc 

Given arc ab (Fig. 2). Use 
Bow Spring Dividers. Step 
off short distances along arc 
ab and same number along 
Straight Line. 

This makes a'b' equal, ap- 
proximately, arc ab. 

Unit distance should be so sliort that 
the arc and chord are practi(;ally 
equal. 



To Transfer a Gear 
Tooth Curve 

Place Scroll to coincide with 
given curve (mn) {Via. 8). 
Mark point n on Scroll and 
draw Circle P tangent to 
Scroll at any convenient 
point (as t) . Change Scroll 
to new position and draw 
m'n' as shown. 

Alternative Method 

Omit Circle P and use mark 
(as s) to locate curve. 




LECTURE 



DATE.. 



r 



30 



PLATE 7 -CYCLOIDS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Begin construction by laying out Centre Lines of circles. 
Draw all construction cii'cles very light. 

11. Make the size of Rolling Circles as follows : — 
Prob. 1. Uolling Circle (R. C.) = 2" diam. 
Prob. 2. R. C. for Eincycloid =^ If" diam. 
" " Hypocydoid = 2J" diam. 

in. This sheet may be given back later to be used as an exercise 
in inking. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) When the cui-ve of Problem 1 comes back to the straight 

line, how far will it be from the initial point O? (Answer 
by showing proper dimension line and figures.) 

(2) If the diameter of the Rolling Circle for the hypocydoid were 

increased, how would the resulting cui-ve change ? 

(3) If the diameter becomes = radius of Pitch Cii'cle, what kind 

of a cui"ve would result? 



Cycloid — kvkXos = " Cioxle." 
Epicycloid — ivi. = " vpon " -\- /ciJXkos. 
Hypocj'cloid — 67r6 = " under" + xiiX/cos. 
Involute — (Latin) in = " upon " + volvo = 



' to roll." 



NOTES 

A. Cycloid, Involute, Epicycloid, Hypocydoid.* 

These curves belong to the family of Cycloids. They 
may all be defined as the path traced by a Point on the 
Circumference of a Circle which rolls on a given Line 
(either Straight or Curved). 

B. PROBLEM 1. Cycloid. 

Rolling Circle (R. C.) roUs on a Straight Line. 

(a) Take points on initial position of R. C. 

(b) Find successive positions of R. C. by making distance 

0-1 on A B = arc 0-1 on R. C, etc. 
In stepping off distances use small dividers as shown by Page 29, 
Fig. 2. 

(c) Locate the successive positions of O by stepping ofif the 

proper arcs in the direction of the arrows. 

The length of these arcs will, in each case, be the distance over 
which the circle has rolled. To verify this, try a coin rolling along 
the edge of the T-square. 

C. PROBLEM 2. Epicycloid and Hypocydoid. 
Foi-mer = R. C. outside of another Circle. 
Latter z:r " inside " " 

(a) Construct one of each on lower part of Pitch Circle 

(P.C). 
(5) Then transfer to upper part of P. C. a portion of each 
curve thus developed to form gear teeth. (See 
Page 29, Fig. 3 for method of transfer.) 

Gear teeth are formed by Epicycloids and Hypocycloids drawn, 
respectively, outside and inside a circle known as " Pitch. 
Circle." The "Pitch" of the te;-th is the distance between 
the centres of successive teeth, measured along the Pitch Circle 
(arc ab in diagram). 

D. PROBLEM 3. Involute. 

Straight Line (Circle of Infinite Radius) rolls on a given circle, 
(Hence a special case of the Epicycloid.) 

More simply — a string, held taut, is unwound from a cylinder 
or drum (represented by given circle) . End of string describes 
involute. 

The string is taken in successive positions by drawing tangents at 
end of successive radii, and the proper distances are stepped off as 
shown. (See Page 19 — Ex. 2 for method of drawing tangents.) 



(k 



Prob I - Cycloid 



0.\(onAB) = arc 0.\ on circle 

O.Z(ofnAB) - 02. ■■ 

E+c. 



II c.vc\o id 





Prob. 3 



Z^O on tanger>t - Z.O on BC 
3 O •• - « 3. .. 



Note: (F^= Pltc}i circle 



Base Circfe focB - Roll mq Circle. 



Plat 



POSSIBL-E \A/lTH OUT COfSl F-LICT. 



PLATE 8 



33 



PRACTICE IN 



N STRAIGHT LINES AND ARCS, DIMENSIONING ANT) CROSSHATCHING, 

TRACING 



LECTURE 



DATE. 



34 



PLATE 8 — PRACTICE IN STRAIGHT LINES AND ARCS, ETC. — TRACING 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Plate 81) is to be used only to give dimensions. Out of the 
four objects shown there, a selection will be made. 

II. Order of Pencilling. (See Page 56-i.) 

Stage 1. Block out (Lightly with 6 H pencil.) 

(1) Centre lines, if any. 

(2) General size and shape. 

This method assists, particular!)' later on, in ganging the best arrange- 
ment of the drawings on a sheet, and prevents unnecessary erasure in 
correcting the arrangement. 

Stage 2. Outlines (3 H pencil). 

(1) Round the corners. (See Note A on this page.) 

(2) Strengthen final outline of objects to make ready 

for dimensions. 
Do not erase 2»'evious construction. 

Stage 3. Dimension Lines (3 H pencil). 

(1) Lines somewhat lighter than outlines of objects. 

(2) Extension lines to indicate where the dimension 

line ends. (See Page 36-5.) 

(3) Arrow Heads. 

Stage 4. Finish. 

(1) Dimension Figures. (See Page 56-4.) 

(2) LetteriQg. 

(3) Crosshatching. (See Note C on this page.) 

When a drawing is to be traced the Crosshatching is often omitted in 
pencil, or is indicated very brieily by free hand lines. 

III. After the sheet is completed, it is to be "checked" in order to 

verify aU information given on it. 
(a) Apply /ow?' tests to every dimension. 

1. Are the dimension figures correct ? (Consult Plate 8?*.) 

2. Does "scale" agree with dimension figure? (Measure 

distance as drawn.) 

3. Are " unit marks" shown? (See 4-a on Page 36.) 

4. Are arrow heads and "extension lines" shown? 

(See 5 on Page 36.) 
(6) All statements and specifications should also be verified, 
(c) Place small check mark (with red pencil) neatly above 
each item found correct. (See Page 37.) 
If error is found, correct it before checking. 

IV. The pencil sheet will be handed back for a tracing exercise at a 

date to be announced later. 



I. 



11. 



B. 



C. 



Directions for Tracing 

Use rough side of tracing cloth. 

Rub with powdered chalk before inking. 

Order of inking. (See Page 36-2.) 

Tracing is simplified by completing one process at a time so 

as to avoid changing instruments. 
Stage 1. Outlines. (Black Medium.) 

In joining curves and straight lines, best results are obtained by draw- 
ing all curves first. 

Stage 3. Dimension Lines. (Red Light.) 

(1) Dimension and Extension Lines. 

(2) Centre Lines (if any). 

Stage 3. Arrow Heads, Figures, and Lettering. 

(Use writing pen.) (Black.) 

Draw light guide lines on tracing cloth in pencil before lettering. 

Stage 4. Crosshatching. (Black Light.) 

Check the tracing as at the end of the pencil work. 

NOTES 

Accurate Construction is required. 

Method of connecting "tangent" arcs, as shown by 
Page 36-3 should be studied. (See also Page 107.) 
The short curves shown on this sheet are often called "Fillets." 

Dimensions are Important. 

(a) For dimensions in Quarters, Eighths, Sixteenths, etc., 

use " Architect's " Scale. 
For dimensions in Decimals use " Engineer's " Scale. 

(b) Dimension figures are preferably made standard size. 

Best, at first, to draw guide lines for them as for 
lettering. 

Crosshatching. 

(a) Crosshatching is used to indicate a "Cross Section" 

of an object. 
(6) It is usually drawn with the 45° Triangle. 

Other angles may, however, be used. 

(c) Space lines about ^ in. apart by EYE ALONE. 

(d) Do not cross Figures or Arrows with hatching lines. 

(To avoid this the Crosshatching is usually added last.) 



stage 



Stagt 



Stage 3 



O RD ER OF PENICILLINS 
A Stages 



ORDER OF INK NG 



-4 Stages 




BJocKing Out 



Stage I 



See 3 on f^s page forv 
Geometrical Constrocti 



milliai 



stage 



Dimension Lines 



Sha.Qc3 






"1 A 






y 




iki 


. 


-IN 


Kfal 


1 






Stag. 




Finish" 



Stag e. "4- 





fa) Ct/rves (b) Straight Lines .Di«rier>. Lines 



n ne t 



/\rrows^ Figures,efc Cross inarching 



DIMENSIONS 



DIMENSIONS 



|(a) 3'= 3 feet : S"- 3 inches 



TO CONNgCr g STR/^I6.HT l-)NES BY AN ARC *• 
(I) Bisect angle C 

(Z) Draw cd poirollel fo ab- G 

(ma King be eq^a to giv/en radios'). 



c) Small radii t-hus- .•'<' 



^d) Extension Lines ar-e i-iscd 



Lines here show 



C3) d egi^als 



rfor anc. 



when 



side the 



come oct- 



cdotted a r~>ci are 



Pia^e a ^ 



Use ^5" 1-r-iongle 



Use 60° 1-ricir-»gle 




CHc3inme I 





Bar- 



Note; In Tracing Ca) Omit all construction lines as sr>own above 



(c) Medium Lines'about •fJ^o: 



>uf fhius 



Plate 8t 



PLATE 9 — ORTHOGRAPinC PROJECTION - LN TROD UCTION 39 

LECTURE DATE _ „ 



40 



PLATE 9 — OTITIIOGKAPHIC PKOJECTIOI^- INTRODUCTION 



Orthographic Projection, described simply, is a method 
of delineating an object accurately and adequately by 
means of one or more views, so grouped as to be easily 
read together. The purpose is to give a clear idea of the 
form and dimensions of the object. 

The tochnical development of Projection, Projection Planes, 
etc., is left for later consideration (see Page 117). 



n. EXAMPLE: House. (See Page 4i.) 

(a) Let F. V. = Front View. R. V. = Right Side View. 

T. V. = Top View. L. V. = Left Side View. 

(b) If we stand far enough away so that the rays from all 

points of the house to the eye are practically pa7'aZ?eZ, 

we can reproduce on paper, to a convenient scale, the 

corresponding appearance of the house. 
Place this so-called View at the bottom and centre of a 

sheet of paper and label it F. V. {Front View). 
Now walk around and look at the house from the Right 

Side. Place this View to the Bight of F. V. and 

label it R. V. {Right Side View). 
Similarly place L. V. (looking at house from Left Side) 

as shown. 
Now look at the house from above and place view 

obtained above F. V., labelling it T. V. {Top View). 

(c) Select as an axis of reference the Centre Line of the 

house (C L.). 
Note the abbreviations R and Li for Right and Left of 

Centre Line. 
Note also that any given point on the house has the same 

number in all views. 



in. Then Note Carefully : — 

(1) Point 1 lies on same horizontal line in F. V., R. V., 

and L. V. 

(2) Point 1 of T. V. lies vertically above Point 1 of F. V. 



(3) (Looking at T. V. in the direction of arrow M and 
comparing with R. V.) Point 1 lies on the same side 
(Left) of Centre Line and at sa7ne distance* (A) 
from it in both views. 
Similarly (looking in direction N and comparing T.V. with 

Ii.V.) — Point 1 lies at distance* (A) on the Right side of 

Centre Line in both views. 

IV. The above relations constitute the 3 WORKING PRIN- 
CIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. They 
can be summed up thus : — 
(1) The front and side views of a point on the object lie 

in the same horizontal line. 
(3) The front and top views of the point lie in the same 

vertical line. 
(3) The top and side views of the point lie on corresjyonding 
sides of the Centre Line (Right or Left) and at the 
same distance* from it. 

V. (a) By means of the above analysis, with ttvo Views of an 
object given, we can usually locate the position of 
corresponding points in a third or fourth View, and 
thus complete these views. 
Fig. 4 of Page 41 shows method in detail. 

(6) Any view of an object may be taken as a F. V., but 
having selected and located this, we must group the 
other Views about it in accordance with the above 
principles (T. V. always at Top — R. V. always at 
Right, etc.). 

If necessary we could develop a Bottom View which would then 
be placed below the P.V. (See Fig. 2 on Page 41.) 

(c) In general, three Views are enough to clearly describe an 

object (as will be seen in example above), but where 
necessary, four or even five Views may be taken. 

(d) Hidden Lines are represented dotted, as shown. 

(e) Note that above principles apply to views of the Lamp 

(Fig. 3 on Page 41) and to views of points on it. 

* Distance is always raensureA perpendicular to Centre Line. 



m 



^e 




^3 ^? 



^ d) 



©^ i -<S) 





F.V. -@. 




F^i^3 - l-cinnp 








B.V " Bottom Vimvv 

1 






L_ 



F^ia. Z - Toble. shov\/ing boftorrt y/eiv 






(i) Draiv ItghHy lines J andJI 
(Z) In PIV. set off. -from^, disf^ncM 
m. IS, Tanc/TS obfamGd -from TV. 
J3i Join points with hnca M, tS,JI 



O* ; >€) 





f^/ff "4- TVvo ^jei^/s given J to draw thirta. 



Plate 



i 

L 



n 



PLATE lO-ORTnOGRAPHTC PRO-JECTION - PROBLEMS 43 

LECTURE DATE 



44 



PLATE 10 -ORTHOGRAPHIC PEOJECTIOIN^- PROBLEMS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. From the problems here given, a selection will be made and 
announced at the lecture. 

II. Adapt the Order of Penciling as given on Page 34 to 
these sheets thus : — 
Stage 1. («) Laj'out Centre Lines to locate positions of 
\'iews. 

Centre Lines are not restricted to T.V. and R.V. but are drawn 
at the outset in any view that is in general symmetrical. Subordinate 
parts (if symmetrical) also have Centre Lines. 

(6) Block out all Views of the objects lightly. 

As far as possible, develop all views of an object together instead of 
completing one view before beginning another. For instance : Where a 
horizontal line is to appear in F.V. and R.V. or Ii.V. draw it, at 
one stroke, through both views. Similarly for vertical lines in F.V. 
and T.V. 

This will be found to economize time and to assist in understanding 
the relation of the various views. 

Stage 2. Strengthen outlines, drawing visible lines full, and 
hidden lines dotted. 

When blocking out, draw hidden lines light and full: a light " d" 
placed on them will indicate that they are to be dotted later. 

Stage 3. Dimensions are to be omitted on these sheets. 

Stage 4. Put in Lettering, etc. 

III. Ink in : — 

(a) All centre lines {Red-light). 

(b) Border line (Black-heavy). 



PROBLEMS 

Study carefully Pages 40 and 41. Apply principles there explained 
to the development of the problems given on Plate 10. 

PROBLEM 1. Given F.V., T.V., and R.V. of house, draw L.V. 

PROBLEM 2. Given F.V., T.V., and L.V. of object, draw R.V. 

PROBLEM 3. Given F.V., T.V., and R.V., draw L.V. 

PROBLEM 4. Suppose the object of Pkobleji 3 be turned on its 
base through an angle of 30°. Draw the T.V., 
F.V., R.V., and L.V. of the object in this 
position. 

PROBLEM 5. Given F.V., T.V., and L.V., draw R.V. 

PROBLEM 6. Object of Pkobleji 5 turned 30° on its base. Draw 
T.V., F.V, R.V., and L.V. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) T.V. of an object is represented by a circle inside of a square. 

What different front views are consistent with this T.V. ? 

(2) F.V. of an object consists of three concentric circles. What 

side views can be drawn ? 

(3) With the inmost circle dotted^ what side vieivs can be drawn? 

(4) Can any view of a curve be a straight line? 



£ 



Prob e 



diom. 



diam 




Prob.'f 





R iser-s 




Treads 




/ 












Prob. 5. 







Prob © 




\ \ 


V 




\ \ 






\ \ \ 


. ^^• 


\\ \ 


\ \ 


)> V 


\\ \ 






\\ \ 






V \\ 






\ \\ /- 







Plate lO 



PLATE 11 47 



ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIOX — TRUE SIZES AND TRUE LEN(^THS {continfied) 

LECTURE DATE 



48 



PLATE 11 



ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION — TRUE SIZES AND TRUE LENGTHS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Procedure sarae as for last plate. 

(a) Lay out Centre Lines. 

It is best to lay out also Centre Lines of symmetrical parts like the 
cliimney (see distance A) so tliat points on it (1 for instance) can be set 
off equal distances right and left of its own Centre Line. 

{h) Block out all 4 Views together. (Stage 1.) 

(c) Strengthen Outlines of all 4 Views. (Stage 3.) 
In the blue print all lines have been drawn full. Remember that 

Hidden Lines should be dotted. 

In strengthening, therefore, correct the lines of the blue print where- 
ever necessary. 

(d) Draw Dimension Lines and Arrows. (Stage 3.) 

(e) Put in Figures and Lettering. (Stage 4.) 

J I. Draw in addition to views shown on plate : — 
(o) Left Side View. 

(b) True Size of end roof. 

(c) True Size of back roof, including hole for chimney. 



III. Ink in, as hitherto ; 
(a) Centre lines. 
(6) Border line. 



(Red-light.) 
(Black-heavy.) 



NOTES 

A. (a) Use edge of Scale marked " ;|." This gives graduations 

corresponding to ^ iiich = 1 foot, which is the Scale 
called for in the drawing. 
(6) 18-3" means 18 feet, 3 inches, etc. 

B. "Walls are considered as having no thickness, and Door and 

Windoiv as open. 

C. The True Size of a slanting plane is shown by a %iew taken 

in a direction perpendicular to the plane. 
For example the true size of front roof is seen looking in 

direction S. 
The required distances used in building up a " True Size" 

can be taken from any view where these distances are seen 

in their trxe lengths. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) III getting true size can all the distances come from one 

view ? Why ? 

(2) What kind of a view must be taken to see a line in its true 

length? 

(3) How could the true length of the hip rafter (3-3) be found 

without di-awing the true size of the whole roof ? 

(4) Under what conditions can a view of a line be (a) shorter 

than, (b) equal to, (c) longer than, the line itself. 

(5) What is the shortest view a line can have? 

(6) As suggested by questions 4 and 5, what are the limiting 

cases of the views of a plane surface, say a rectangle ? 



Ch i mney 



TrueSiz.eo- 
Front Roof 




B- -© 



Door at r\ght end only 
Window on front onl> 



^Ta^ 






Left SideVicw 
Here. 




■^ 5c olefin.- Iff 



P\at& 1 1 











.^■Sr* 



PLATE 12 — ORTHOGRAPUIC PROJECTION (continued) 51 

LECTURE DATE 



52 



PLATE 12 — ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION {continued) 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Follow directions for last plate. 

II. Substitute for " ?" the proper dimension figures taken from 
Plate 1 1 . 

Note that the location of some dimensions has been changed, 
as a line should only be dimensioned where it 
appears in its True Length. 

III. Inking. Same as hitherto. 



NOTES 

A. This sheet shows the subject of Plate 11 turned through an 

angle of 30°. 

B. Remember, as before, that Hidden Li^iea are to be shown 

dotted. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) With ^dews as here given, how would you find the true 

leng-th of the hip rafter (2-3)? 

(2) How would you find the true size of end and side of roof 

and of hole in roof? 



m 



Window 



.r, , w<r obtoioi rjg 
intersecf(on of Koo 



.4e^ 



-^ y 



-^„-^ 





^ ^ 




Scale 




Note: Be c:ar-cful 



points 



wHether Of not coj'i 



located ar-x 



li amy CO I 
blue print. 



I£> necGAAary 



maKe it 



in above print". 



iK>K on rKie 



Plate le 



_g, 



PLATE 13 -5 



p IXTERSECTTO:Nr OF PBISM AXD PYRA^riD BY PLANE -DE VELOP^IENT 

L?:CTURE DATE 



56 



PLATE 13 



INTERSECTION OF PRISM AND PYRAMID BY PLANE - DEVELOPMENT 

From now on, with the exception of the plate on Isometric Drawing, all the problems of the course are based on the 
PRINCIPLES OF Orthographic Projection. This term will, therefore, be omitted from the headings, 

AND the title ONLY OF THE SPECIAL PROBLEM AVILL BE GIVEN. 



DIRECTIONS 

I. For both problems. 

(a) Number neatly eveiy point of the object iyi all vieics and 

in Development, for purposes of identification during 

construction. 
(6) Inking same as hitherto, 
(c) After drawing the Development, reproduce it on a piece 

of Stiff paper, cut out and fold to produce original 

object. 

II. PROBLEM 1. Intersection of Prism by Plane. 

(a) Work out Front, Top, and Side Views of the prism as it 

appears before it is cut off. 
(6) Across F.V. draw a line representing the Cutting Plane 

and find the resulting Intersection. 

The Side View of the Intersection (5-10-11-12) can be found 
thus : — 

The Cutting Plane cuts* the edge 2-6 at 10 (P.V.)- Identify 
point 10 on 2-6 in R.V. (See Page 40-1 V-1). Similarly obtain 
points 5, 11, and 12 in R.V. and join them as indicated. 

(c) Obtain True Size of Intersection (see Plate 11). 

(d) Draw a Development of that part of the surface of 

the Prism which is below the Cutting Plane. (See 
Note A on this page.) 

III. PROBLEM 2. Intersection of Pyramid by Plane. 

(a) Show first the Pyramid as it appears before it is cut off. 
{h) Then draw Cutting Plane and find the resulting Top and 
Side Vieics of the Intersection. 

Find at what point each edge is cut* off by the Cutting Plane in 
P.V. Then identify these points on the corresponding edges in 
T.V. and R.V. by" principles of Page 40-IV-l and 2. Join the 
points thus found to show Intersection. 

(c) Obtain True Size of Intersection. 

(d) Draw Development of that part of the Surface of the 

Pyramid which is belotv the Cutting Plane. (See Note 
B on this page). 

* The point where an edge is cut off must first be found in a view where the 
Cutting Plane is seen "edgewise" and appears as a straight line. This line is 
called a "trace " of the plane. 



NOTES 

Given an object, hke an irregular Box, to find the size and 
shape of a sheet of material which, when folded, will pro- 
duce the object. 

The solution of this problem is indicated on this sheet. The 
technical term by which this process is known is : — 

Development of a Surface 

Method : Build up the Development line by line, taking 
distances from any view where the lines are seen in their 
true length. 

A. Prism. 

True length of upright edges found in F.V. or R.V. (Dis- 
tance = B). 
True length of edges of base found in T.V. (Distance = M). 

B. Pyramid. 

(a) Principle same as for Prism but note that none of the 

three given views shows the slanting edges of the 
Pyramid in their true length as needed for the Develop- 
ment. 

(b) To be seen in its '■'•true length" a line must be perpen- 

dicular to the direction of sight. Hence "revolve" 
the line into such a position. 

(c) Method as follows : (^See diagram at bottom of V k.GT. bl) . 

Let ab = F. V. of given Line. 
" B}\)' = T.V " " 

Suppose it is desired that F.V. shall show ti'ue length. 
Revolve bottom (b^) of line to (c^). (Thus the 

whole line is revolved.) 
ac will then be True Length of the line. 

(cZ) More simply by using distances A and B in connection 
with altitude as shown for the edge (1-2). 

The 60° Triangle will serve as a model of the above. As it 
stands vertically on the table, the " long," " short," and hypothenuse 
sides represent respectively the altitude, distance A, and true length. 



G 



- *^-< ? 


CuTTinq \. / 




Pionev \ / 






Develo pmeot 





; 
( 


\ 


\n 


s " "V. . A 




\ rue i3ixe o 


T _nT 








True LenciTri tji 




b 



> 


mnj 






g 


\,^ ' 


^ 


A 




\i. 




Deveioi 



Pro to. I 



Pr-ofc> 2 



NOTC 






r\ar^ 13 



PLATE 14 



50 



O 



rNTERSECTIOI^ OF CYLIXDEK AXD CONE BY PL AXE — DEVELOPMENT 



LECTURE 



DATE.. 



60 



PLATE 14 



n^TERSECTIO:Nr OF CYLrNDEK AIND CONE BY PL A:NE — DEVELOPMENT 



DIRECTIONS 

PROBLEM I. Cylinder. 

(a) Draw three views of Cylinder full height as it appears 
before it is cut off and locate Elements. 
Use as many elements as are found necessary to draw accurately 
and smoothly the curve of intersection. They can be lettered, as 
indicated, for convenience of identification during construction. 
(See a, b, c, etc., in blue print.) 
(6) Across F. V. draw a line representing the Catting Plane 
and find resulting Side View and True Size of Inter- 
section. 
Identify points where elements are cut off by Cutting 
Plane, 
(c) Draw Development as indicated. 

PROBLEM 2. Cone. 

(a) Proceed as in Problem 1, finding also the Top Vieiv of 

Intersection. 
(&) To Construct the Development. 

(1) Lay out arc with radius =^ true length of elements. 

(Since all points of the base are at the same distance 
from the vertex.) 

(2) On this step off distances 3-4, etc., from T. V. 
(Total length of arc is, of course ^ circumference of 
base.) 

(3) Lay off on each element the true lengths E, F, etc., and 

draw curve. 

The true length of an element is evidently the distance D in F.V. 
The true length of 1-6, then, will be E ; of 2-7 will be F, etc. 
(See Page 56-B-b, c, and d.) 

* The point where an Element is cut off must first be found in a view where 
the Cutting Plane is seen " edgewise " and appears as a straight line. This line 
is called a "trace" of the plane. 



NOTES 

A. If a cylinder or cone is cut off by a plane the " Cutting 

Plane " will intersect the surface of the object in a curve, 
successive points of which can be found thus : 

(a) In order to carry out a construction on any curved sur- 
face Uke these, we must first locate certain lines lying 
in the surface in such a way that they can readily be 
identified in all views, and then upoii these lines work 
out the requii-ed construction. 

To obtain such lines in the surface of the cylinder, we can use 
i-eriical " Auxiliary Planes " through its axis. These will cut 
in the surface of the cylinder straight lines which run vertically 
from points in the base circle and can thus be identified in all views. 
These lines are called "Elements." 

In the case of the Cone, similar auxiliary planes will cut straight 
line elements which run from points in the base circle to the vertex. 

{h) The problem now becomes simply to find at what point* 
each Element is cut off by the Cutting Plane, and then 
to identify this point in the other views. By joining 
consecutive points found in this way we draw the 
required curve of intersection. 

B. The Cylinder may be considered as a Prism (and the Cone a 

Pyramid) of an infinite number of sides. In both cases : 

(a) The base polygon becomes a circle. 

(h) The surface between the edges becomes the smooth 
Cylindrical or Conical Surface. 

(c) The edges become the Elements. 

C. Hence the method of construction, after the Elements are 

located, follows closely that given for the Prism and 
Pyramid of Plate 13. 

D. As long as the Gutting Plane passes entirely across Cone, any 

angle <^ will give an Ellipse. 

Questions for Consideration 

( 1 ) What is (a) the smallest (b) the largest value of <^ to still give 
an ellipse? With these limiting values what curves are 
produced ? 



L 




Diameter "- Cylinder = 
Height or Cylinder- 




True Size 
of Elii 



C ^ 




1 


A. 




r 

/ 
/ 





'^ '^^ 




ft — 



Diame-rer.»- Base or Cone - 
He/ g hl- op^Con© • 




TrueSize 




-Arc 5 -2 TV. » Arc 5-2. 



Developmenr 
PR0B.I-IMTER5ECTF0N.'CYLINDER BY PLANE 



Development 

PROB e- JNTERSECTIONo-CONE BY PL/\NE 




Plate 14- 



\ 



% 



PLATE IS-rNTERSECTION OF CONE BY PLANES -CONTC SECTIONS 63 

LECTURE DATE 



• 



64 



PLATE 15 -INTERSECTION OF CONE BY PLANES -CONIC SECTIONS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Draw outlines of Cone in F.V., T.V., and L.V. 

II. Sliow on F.V. the 4 Cutting Planes which produce the 
circle, ellipse, etc. 

III. Construct T.V. and True Size of each intersection by means 
of Auxiliary Planes. (See note B.) 

As many Auxiliary Planes can be used as found necessary. 
In this problem they may be taken about ^ inch apart on P. V. with 
an extra one near the ends of ellipse, etc., to give smooth curves. 

Complete all the curves. 



Questions for Consideration 

(1) Could the method of Plate 14 be applied to the solution of 

this sheet, and vice versa? 

(2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? 



NOTES 

A. Planes cutting the Surface of a Cone, at different angles, pro- 

duce corresponding curves of intersection, called "Conic 
Sections," as suggested on opposite page. 

(a) Plane parallel to axis of Cone — Hyperbola. 

(b) " " ^'- slanting Element — Parabola. 

(c) " crosses Cone — Ellipse. 

(d) " perpendicular to axis — ' Circle. 

In the case of the Hyperhola we get two curves, the second one 
inverted, if we consider the plane to cut the Cone produced above 
the vertex. 

Further consideration of Conic Sections is left for Analytic 
Geometry. 

B. (a) As in Plate 14, a curve of intersection cannot be found 

until lines lying in the surface of the cone have been 

located and identified in all views. 

To do this we again use Auxiliary Planes, this time perpendicu- 
lar to the axis of the cone, and obtain circles as the required lines. 
Note that the circle given by Auxiliary Plane P is seen in T.V. in 
its true size, but appears in P.V. as a straight line. (See bottom 
of Page 65-Fig. 1.) 

(b) The construction for finding the points where the Cutting 
Plane cuts through these lines and joining these points 
for the required curve follows the method of Plate 14. 

The points are first found in P.V. (see note at bottom of 
Page 60), then identified in T.V. and in true size. 



1 



I 

m 
n 


■- 


Para too I a 
Hyperbola 



— CD) 



CONIC SEC-riONS 






cone by P. 



Aux- plane P- 



' *y 


/ 




r,o,E 






s^ 





t& 15 



c 



m 



PLATE 16 07 

i:sTEESECTiois" OF co:ne a^d hexagonal prism -nut for bolt 

LECTURE DATE _ 



68 



PLATE 16 



INTERSECTION OF CONE AND HEXAGONAL PRISM -NUT FOR BOLT 



f 



DIRECTIONS 

I. (a) Method of construction indicated on blue print. (As in 
Conic Section plate we use horizontal Auxiliary Planes.) 
Roman Numerals show order of construction. 

{h) Draw complete hexagon in Top View. (See Page 19, 
Ex. 1, for construction of hexagon.) 

II. At a later date this sheet is to be traced. 

(a) Use Shade Lines on all views, in accordance with 
principles given on Page 109 (on Tracing only). 

(&) Omit all Construction Lines on the tracing. 

(c) Order of Inking. 

On the tracing the F.V. can be made over into a " half- 
section," as shown at bottom of blue print (Page 69). 

Stage 1. Outlines. (Blach.) 

It is more convenient to draw first all unshaded lines ; then open pen 
a little and draw all shaded lines. 



Stage 2. Dimension lines. 

dimension and Extension Lines. 
Centre Lines. 



(Red-light.) 



Stage 3. AiTow heads, Figures, and Lettering. (Black.) 

Stage 4. Crosshatehing. 



NOTES 

A. The curve developed on the Front Face is evidently a portion 

of an Hyperbola. 

The same curve appears on the slanting faces, in both front 
and side views, but in both cases more or less foreshortened. 

B. Nuts thus cut off are said to be " chamfered." 

C. F. V. shows the nut " across corners." 
R. V. " " " across /afs." 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) Sometimes the nut is cut off at the level of the tops of the 

cui-ves. How does that change the 3 views? 

(2) Suppose, instead of being hexagonal, a nut were square (see 

Page 113-V), what would the resulting curves be? 

(3) If, instead of being chamfered, a nut were "rounded" 

(i. e. Cone is replaced by Sphere), what would the result- 
ing cm-ves be? 

(4) How would you construct the curves of 2 and 3 ? 



DRAVy/ COMPLETE HEXAGON 



' A"^ i 1 


1- 


(< 











of Corie a r^<^ Hei 



NUT FOR BOLT 






■ 






_y^v 


1 


>- 






1— *- y1 




ii 








^ 


1 


/jNORAW xRACt or 
J^AUXii-iARY P1.AMC 


— -® - 


A 




I' 




1 




.---H-^ 






1 


i~ ' 


iV" 1 


""^ 


..,.,. .^_.^ 


^/' ^ 1 


r 1 ^- 

1 - .-- 


> — 

\ 




W^k 


1 
/ . 


^f-fyp 




1 k 


/- 


ii 

1 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 ■ 

1 

1 

1 

1 




e r bo \<x 


I^^KI i'<^^^H 






1 • 


■ 1 






4)r >-«j--'o.. 





7M OT EL *»;P?o r-r»a'^ n«jmer-ols show ordGr- of 
(til'Half Section" in FronrVii 




Plore I© 



I 

L 



f 



c 



PLATE 17-I:NTEKSECTI0K AXB DEVELOPMEIST OF PRISMS 



LECTURE DATE 



72 



PLATE 17 



INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PENTAGONAL AND TRIANGULAR PRISMS 



€ 



DIRECTIONS 

(1) Block out the 3 Views of the Pentagonal and Triangular 

Prisms (both Equilateral). 

Use identifying numbers for corners of the object. 

(2) Work out F.V. of Inter section. 

(3) Draw Developments as indicated. 

(4) Substitute for "?" in Developments the proper dimensions 

taken from the corresponding lei^ths in the original -^dews. 

(5) Reproduce Developments on piece of Duplex Paper; cut out 

and fold to produce original subject. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) Under what assumption is the line 11-13 in R.V. full. 

(2) " " " could it properly be dotted? 

(3) Suppose the triangular prism were inclined (say 30° to the 

horizontal), how would you find the intersection? 



NOTES 

A. Method of constructing Intersection. 

(a) In turn consider each edge of one prism as intersected by 
a plane of the other. 

(6) Such an intersection is located first in a view where the 
plane is seen "edgewise" as a line. (See note at 
bottom of Page 60.) 

(c) In T. V. an edge of the Triangular Prism starts from 7 

and is intercepted at 10 by a plane of the Pentagonal 
Prism. 

(d) Now the F. V. of this edge must be the same length, 

i. e. 7-10. We can, therefore, locate point 10 in 
F.V. 

(e) Similarly for other points of Intersection. 

B. As on Plate 13 the pm-pose of Development is to obtain 

Patterns which, when cut and properly folded, will produce 
the original subject drawn. 



Dewelop»Tne»n+ of 



P\are^ 17 



PLATE 1 8 - INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CYLINDERS 



LECTUKK DATi:.. 



1 •> 



m 



76 



PLATE 18-INTERSECTIO:Nr AND DEVELOPMENT OF CYLINDERS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. (o) Block out 3 views of Large Cylinder (I). 

Use identifying numbers and letters on all points as suggested. 

(b) Block out F. V. and E. V. of Small Cylinder (II). 

(c) Work out T. V. and R. V. of (II). 

In stepping off arcs use very small intervals. (See Page 29- 
Fio. 2.) 

(d) Work out F. V. and R. V. of Intersection. 

(e) Draw Developments. 

In Development of II cut cylinder at some other place than that 
shown on blue print. 

II. Dimensions " ?" are to be supplied by scaling the drawing. 



Questions for Consideration 

(1) If two cylinders of equal diameter (axes crossing at angle of 

90°) intersect, what do F. V. and R. V. of intersection 
become ? 

(2) Given cylinder (II) as shown, but a square 2^^18711 instead of 

cylinder (I). What are the 3 views of the ciu-ve of 
intersection ? 



NOTES 

A. Method of Construction. 

(a) A vertical Auxiliary Plane parallel to axis of the small 
cylinder (as shown by its trace, 12-m-h, R. V.) 
will cut a line (13-z) on the surface of the small 
cylinder. 

{b) In the different views this hne 12-z is identified thus : 

In T. V. and R. V. by distance A. 

In F. V. by projecting point 12 from E. V. or R. V. 

In all views 12-z is parallel to axis of small cyhnder. 

(c) Having identified the views of this line or Element (see 
Note A-a on Page 60) of the cylinder, we proceed with 
the construction precisely as if the element were the 
edge of a prism, following the method of Plate 17. 

In T. V. the element is intercepted at m by surface of 
Large Cylinder; by projecting down, therefore, we 
identify point m in F. V. This gives one point in 
the curve of intersection. The others can be found 
similarly, and curve di-awn. 

The Auxiliary Plane would also cut surface of small cylinder 
on wider side. Each plane, therefore, will give two points of 
intersection. 

B. Auxiliary Planes can be taken at will, but for convenience in 

development it is best to make arcs 1-2, 2-3, etc., on 
E. V. all equal. 

In laying out Development of II take length of circumference and 
divide into proper number of parts. 



Plate le 



PLATE 19 — TSOMETKTO DRAWTNG 7J> 

LECTURE DATE 



• 



80 



PLATE 19 -ISOMETRIC DRAWING 



DIRECTIONS 
I. Draw first the Orthographic Views. 



II. Develop the Isometric Drawing from the Orthographic Views. 
Stai-t with Point 1, and build up the figure by locating succes- 
sive points (method indicated by reference distances) and 
then join the points by the required straight or curved lines. 

When small curves cannot be conveniently drawn with the French 
Curve, a radius can often be found to approximate the required curve, 
and compasses can be used. 



Questions for Consideration 

(1) What lines, if any, appear in the Isometric Dra-^ang longer 

than theu- real length ? 

(2) If so, how do you explain the fact? 



NOTES 

A. Isometric Dra"wing* is a method of showing, in one 

View, what in Orthographic Projection requires two or 
more views. It resembles a distorted Perspective Drawing. 

B. Briefly, in Orthographic Projection we have 3 axes which can 

be called Width (W), Depth (D), and Height (H), 
respectively. 

In Isometric Drawing these are all combined in one View by 
imagining an object tipped at an angle. This tipping is 
such as to make the W and D axes each form an angle of 
30° with the liorizontal, while the H axis remains vertical. 

Any distance parallel to any one of the 3 axes in Orthographic 
Projection is then laid off in the Isometric Drawing in its 
true length parallel to the corresponding axis. 

By joining points thus located we develop an Isometric View. 

C. It follows from above that only those lines ivhich are parallel 

to any one of the 3 axes are shown in their true length in an 
Isometric Drawing. 

D. The subject of this sheet is the " End Post " joint of a timber 

Roof or Bridge Truss. 

* A distinction must be noted between the above described Isometric " Draw- 
ing" and strict Isometric ^'Projection." In the latter the lengths of all lines 
parallel to any one of the axes would be 0.8165 times their true length. In prac- 
tice, however, this correction is rarely made, and the true lengths instead of the 
corrected ones are used as above described. 



( 





^E^^^^^^^^H 


■Mi! 


' ,^ 






® 


He 


/ ' — '^ \ r 

P3? 


i 1 r 



L® 





\ 






-^ 


\a 


^ 


.c^^ 


^^^ 



, -■% 



>€>-- 



Slant of End Post 



r 5 dia 





> 



Orthoqra, 



Scale 




Dfa w ) ni 



— Q, 



Note: I Ximbei- sizes are stated thus: 2x4(2"^^?'^ 6^6, 6>8efc. 



picjte^ I a 



ON YOUR SHEET SHOW SECTION ON LEFTSIDE! OF (^ INSTEAD OF RIGHT. 




F'ltch 



- \-f'^ 


X 






v^_ 






■s 




I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B 



atndt Nut 



i-k'a 



a^^nd Ncrf. 



)= some conj^enient div/isor of 3^0'- moke ittogive aileasi 3 pointy in semi- circcm 
(2) MaKe @ to correspond (3) Record values of @ and ©selected 

^g^(«) (T) = <3Jng/e of tHread In this case scale off T with prrytrxxctor and record above 
(Z) For standard threads ® usooUy eqc»ols 60- f See pa gr „, 



c 



CONVETNTIONAL METHOQS FOR DRAWING SC REW THREADS 

' - (Seconc* MernodJ. 



^QU/^RE Thhcads 
CnrsT ncrhoci) 



''or- Oman 





Diam 



gl© R H 



Pitch- 



Single L.H. 



Diam. 



"V Threads - (Fir-sx Method) 

^^1 Foi- LargeScr-ewe 



Single R. H 
Diam. 



Single L.H 



Di a m «= 




Double L.H 



D i a m = 



Leac^ = 




Tniple R H. 



Di a m. - 



- vSecond Method ) 




R.H 



L.H 



Diam 




Note(a)RH -RightHond. L.H. - Left Hand 

LargeThreadoC Compare Plate2o). »ef« on 

Second Method* iefre&r convention used on Smalt Threads 
o lnIILnot.cethata.a,a.,is one distinct Thread and b. b.lc, another quite mde^end.nt of the fir^t 
(dj Lead -aPf or- double thread -3P for trijole etc «^ ^. 

^ ' Plate 2.1 





"■^~_— ''' 



DATA 



Given D 
F-liD•^^' 
Th. . -i: F - 
Th' - D' 

: = 2 D 





DATA 



Given f 
F-liD^i 
TH . 4 F 
Th'. D 
R = 2D -^ 
C -|>M F - 
For-HHIi-H r'cJs per i n 
pitch - 



Si de- Vi ew 



ill 

•• r -J 





He;KQQonql Square 



PRO PORT I ON S FOR STANDARD BOLT AND NUT 



Note (Q)This plate shows pr-oportio-^ 



o common stondcird 

(fcj)- A conventional method of drawing the hexa< 
(cz) For no of tht-eads >pe.r- inch- ,-' 

nc/ard t)olt;oo\y 3dirnen are neede-d 

ireac3lecl f**^' 



ahop Qccordingto 



ooltand nut is given on PAGE n3-"2I 
see PAGE II3-I 
-'He.d - PI - 



I 



o 







Woo =15 







.X CONNECTING ROD EN j" 

•»|(r> 
I Scole; Date 

•)jeD * 



Fra me 






far A" se 


^+ «ir-.-oi>^ 


/ =* ' 


I6> =^ 


^^^■^^5 


1 Q ~T 


/ 


<>7 


/ I / 





// ! 



(I) UseAoxi 



ilc3ir->e,s 



(2) I,ir,]ir, etc. show 



C Plane 



"~i for plaoe P 



Plc?»te23 



ll 



t 



e 



HI SK-lOVA 

ahow 



•t 's.rff WQ' 



iri or-ie vievA/ 



3a JS>->ovv(e(a.)«ev«nal pcir^« dr\awr-i -toge 



CcJ drilled h^oles-sixe ar»cf iocatfor> 




FLY WHEEL <="» PULLE' 



PEDESTAL BeARINS 



inishMAP 
1&«c^ p. 109 



Tap ror 



ee P./OS-m 2-3A^ Fl I let 



ii r^ 



\ pe»-i«neh 



S^eel- fin- allov'er-- 



SHAFT 



W r~f I r-c > 



'^mfmmmmmimmiimmimk 



N— \-,. 






v^^minnnnntit 



^1 rtUD 



Boi-cU 



PJ 


1 








f 







^1 



U 3H1NG ^ Boss 

'^Hn all ov 







.'5PIND i-E -Wr-'t li-on 
. — B r-a fea 



n-i^" ->f#>i 



• y y 



■■Ml 



Half Section 
on AB. 



P»riis>->€d 



Seole; Pull 3i£e 



OMP 



Plate 24- 



-tor^ tool A 



6' Cl*€>ry\ 



2d->i 







^11 



■ 5 holes 



OoutCi^cu 



b tnol&s. 












■ y 


/ ti/>- 


^^^^^^-^^^^^^^^" 


■i:EiiC!a^««ti-xai 


lo&otion of 


/ or-» .. 


as'f. 


j 


( 1 f N 
1 1 »^^1 




4 



ec■^ion 
Or>MM, 



-or^ifttOitS. 



-^ 



B---'Q. 








Piston Rod 



&t-«s«l 



B raea - "^ ' 



fe-^ . stud BolTs - 



ISSSI 



Si 



F"l.>MSJ<SE 






FLANeED PIPE Y 






CYLINDER HEAD^^"* STUFFING BOX 
3cQJe: FoJI Size p 



Half S'ze 



Note 



(I) Met mod of dc-finiog SoH Holes (1.-1-11) 

C2)Lib«r-ty tQKo»n witH P/-oj«<rtjom o-f Bolt Holes (.^-^'^) 

(3)Method o-f " H/\lfSectio>/ ' with Rod aoc< Bolt^ .ro piocecar). 



P I a^e, 2 5 



^^^ 



t 



PLATE 26 - PREPARATION OF A WOBKTIS^G DRAWING 9o 

SUBJECT — ENGINE CRANK 

LECTURE DATE 



96 



PLATE 26 - PBEPABATIOIS" OF A WOBKIKG DKAWIKG 

SUBJECT — ENGINE CRANK 



DIRECTIONS 

1. Freehand Sketch. 

(a) Crank is to be drawn carefully freehand on Sketching 

Pad. 

(b) Draw directly from the object, obtaining proi)ortions 

BY EYE ALONE. 

(c) Follow stages. 

1. Block out. (See notes A and B.) 

2. Complete outlines, ready for dimensions. (Then cor- 

rect your drawing by comparing with large blue print 
in dra\^^ng room.) 

3. Draw dimension lines. (Follow III on Page 97.) 

(a) Dimension figures. (Measuring crank with rule 
and calipers.) 

{b) Bill of Material. (See II on Page 97.) 

(c) Title and other lettering. 

Same arrangement of title as given on Plate 23 
should be used. 

II. Pencil Drawing. 

(a) To be done with instruments on Duplex paper. 

(6) Correct carefully but do not put check marks on this 
sheet. Sheets will be exchanged and checked later 
when notice is given. 



III. Tracing. 



NOTES 

A. Choose 3'our own set of views without consulting those given 

on Page 97. After choosing and blocking out views, 
submit to an instructor for discussion of merits of the 
choice. 

B. Choice and arrangement of views. 

1 . Select for Front View one which gives clearest idea of 

object. 

2. If possible place F. V. to show object in its natural 

■position . 

3. Draw as many other views as are necessary to show the 

object clearly. 

4. Select views which show important lines full rather than 

dotted. 

Note. — Hidden lines (dotted) should be drawn only when they 
add to the general clearness of the drawing. 

5. Arrange all view^S in accordance with the principles 

of Projection given on earlier sheets (;'. e. T. V. above ; 
B.V. below; R. V. at right; etc.). This is the usual 
practice in the United States. 

6. To avoid confusion, hold object stationai-y and imagine 

your own standpoint changed for each ^^ew, instead of 
turning the object itself. 

C. The Bill of Material (Page 97-11) is a list of all the parts 

with certain information about each one. The witness 
marks (first column), though not always shown, help to 
identify parts, especially when there are several on the 
sheet, or when a part has no commonly used name. 



If ia on© of many poasitole ar-r-arygenr,«tr^ta ~ tcxy^^i^ merely 
•for- illustro-Moo . It would p«r-t-»oip3 toe better- +o hove 

cxxie of sinaft Horizontal ir> FIV. - lis nator-ol poaition on 



H atnows - 

per-)rtapB best- cixia of shaft ir-> natur-ol posit-ion 



- 2-Tr4- 



bot less 



satisfactory — toomany importarrt lines l^idden. 



NO 

MARK WANTED NAME. 



BILL OF- MATERIAL. 



NAME. MAT'l remarks 



Face 



QK^oft 



Steel Finisl-j all over 



Steel 



Firiish all over 



■^■'xl^' 




o o 




;/"> 



■ 



o o 




m 



1 — xrl Ihfi 



)n [Vn, 




I 




I 



ILLo.- MATELRIAL 



MARK 



NO 



NAME MAIL REMARKS 







r^ L X 

I 1 


4 1 'T 


1 1 
1 1 


Vl / _ 


©--f-^ -Tt' [ ^ 




-^A; 




I 



MARK 



I Conm. '^ - 



I T.QH' ^ : 



I Loose PuMcj Ic I wiTt7 0"il Hol_ 



I Sh-ft-nqVoke C.I 



I Shaft St»«J Fini»H«c» BrigJTT 



» I SnifTerRod W i. j 



j I Spr-ing Or-aasl •jSWire B*S 



I BenCrankLeveH W I. J«ndKconn«ct-«<i 



« Link W by Rivet O 



I GuicJe Plate Wl 



Seepage I07-Z, 

BOLT >^'^D SCREW LIST 



NO 

WANTED 





DESCRIPTION 



iiCona Pulley 



Set Screw Shael ITioHt Pwllo 



IWI L.nK 



^ ;wi ;(3uidePlata 



Ca&Scr«yvlWI T<5L'ielePl<at 



. BolT hA/,|. YoK. 



ARRAis/eervieNT or STANDARD TITLE 



^m -i-k"»£ 




ASSEMBLY OF 








P\Ote, P7 



f> 



t 



I 



^V^^'W '^-^.Ir. 



-.1- „T 



i 


.* JNs. 


p I 


i ^ 'h* 'i'... / 


h 


1 \lr v 




■^3«,^ 


'"1 

a| 

.0 « 





^^^^T '^ 



-f , » 



L 







J 
1 11/ 



N 

ii) 




© 









nil 



/ I 



-It "r:^ 



C^Jit ^ 



^ __-%-^ 




KAJtOlp ^ 



A J^ il 



^ ^ ^ 




P^ 


1 \ 




-__ _.]/ 




> 



PI a re 28 



ii^a 






|H 






m 




f "^ 


^ ' Mvj--^ 


^^-2--.-J,l-V 


1 ^^^^BE^^^B!^^K9^^h2 


-I 




•htofl 



I 




J' - 




■»^.H$)- 


^ 


^^^^^^^^Ki^^^^^^^^^^^^H 




Plate 29 



nn 



I^B 



VERTIML SYSTEM 



O 7r=3.l4l6 



a' -7 ^" 



o!3 



Sheet 12 



J5L/l/Vr/yVS 5Y3T£:M 



£r r 



J^-Oi '' 



> 5/: J 

0.05 F/n/sh a// oi/er 



SUGGESTED METHOD fOR MAKING STROKES 



3 



2' -S /«^ 



Plate A 






'!'■'. 



r 



Geometrical CoNSTi=?<JCTiONS 



To div u 
in+o' i.s><>.y) 5 paris, 






\] To divide a ep<ace 
irrfo (say n parfaj.for 

paraJ/el ji»nes. 



To fc3(£«ect an ar-»gle 




per-p«n- 




(a) 5&paces (any size) on | 

A5 (any Jir>e). JoinSB. (a) Poin-t o-ff Jluni+S, any 



(I J arc VIN- any r-ac<ib«6 



(b) L/nes paraUel fo 5S 
give reqv>'ir-ed < 



size. Use scale ob ei-towrv M and M 

(b) Draw ^ar-allel lines. p) OB= bis^ 



t/l S"' any poir^t 
^2) C'ircie fhro P. 
(3) CD t^^roS 




|To c/raw a tangetn-f ^o L^^jjTo draw ar> «ar-c fan- 
-.ir-cie frorm a poinff\ qenf to 2 given cii^cles, 

*! and*Z. 
>v -^ Qiy&r-^ F?, R2 and f^a 



)j To pass art arc thro 
5 points^ A,B.ondC. 





BjiO^n Portia 



(i) Senni-c/Vc»e orn PC- 0) Arcs from A'^&me&'t at O CO Lini 

2 0= center of raquirGdi (2) .' 



.d 8C 



ly^on 
( a rty no of 



Side*- 




for- 5*lda» -I 7»tdM-|CTC 

(1) Divide >4B into 5 parrJ intt>7. etic. 



)Arcs AC-* &C (Ay 8*^ centcmj 
(3j CD alvs/ay» thro aeconrf pornf. 



k2J FT' 



■n-^ tangent ore 



(5) 0» center o^ reqt/» red W/40 = re^yciVed ^/de 

circle. 



PlotG, B 



SHADl N<3 



ir\a t"Me 



AHadiou IS oft 



I 




■ if-ecfiof-i o-f ar->-owa - F"ig I. 



w»^ic»-i ligHt does 
not etriKo di»-«c + l> ar« At^ottad. 

The shaeled //Vies ar-e -Airrt ply mM^et 
_ .__i < '-rfitan the uf^^noded 



□i; IG 



li 



* ATH 



(Illuatrati 
of S>-|cie«io 



Ao ff.t'C 



>\a oea tsorin 



o riti Lin<ss 
>o o+ two 



O rt=- visible, 



SHADING Ci;?CULAR >0k RC (Fig.Z). 



a r-c from 



Mote .'All views o-' cio 



in same manner 



aa obov« 



Dr-un^ c iVcle - ' 

With §AME RADIUS «r,cl ( 

e (A e =^ a b't 5^'a ) . 

C t-o O Sirmtl ■ " " ^ 



SOME CorJvefMTIOMS • F"OR CROSS SECTIONS 



,^. differs - "these r-epi^e sent o ■fair- sta r\cio fdi . 






Wro^^gH-f Iron Malleoble Iron 



NUMBER or PIECES WANTED 



2 Off' or Two Off' 



Cast Steel WrougntSteel NIckl* Steel Copp 




MaKe TvA^o 



2 Woo-teJor Two Wc»n" 



WITNESS MARKS 



i>=*«igg 



iiSEI 



dri Ilea — ^___ 



Glass. 



S1-one 



(d) i-"Ta 



FINISH MARKS 



Usua anale for 



rnrione seoortite lOiects-e in cori- 









■f tx c o d 



F=<3r Har-t o-f S«i-fcioe 



SOM£ CONVENTIONS 



Plates: 



— wn 



L 



L 



IN GENERAL 



lrr^er^e>lon that vtevv rvhich ©t-iows de+oilfc rno»T cleafh 



;2) I Avoid reDeoTi'icj 



'.i) I Di'Tnension wHere i 



CONVENTIONS ^~«» ILLUSTRATIONS 



Slonfing D I rnc»^oiorv» -< 



»/ coT^caion wov( 



resi^lt •from tjlocit'^a them irtside. 



'5) Di'Tnoi-isio'T d isi'tu'-ices 
Qppcor-in rt-ieir- i£^^ 



S Y M B O L5 



9'- 9 inches 



13'-l3inchos •tc 



) 4 or 4 O- -4 feet 5'-fe'- 5 feet- 6 iVichos 



[3)1 Under 2 f t L/ae inches, abov^e Zf1 use feet and inches. 



Wl 3 dia'>n or 5 d = 



CONVENTIONS ^-=> ILLUSTRATIONS 



not tHiys 



(9) I ^►n<jll OinoensioriS thwa 



or- ttli/3 I 



lo; /Vvoid o^ing L/NES"' DRAWING or CENTRE LINES 
~ ^ Lines. 



r not ttiw^s 



OO Diarneters -t-t-^oa; 



Arrovv Pointa thus 



Elxtension 



not rno» 




(12)1 Radii thus: (only one or-r-ow) 



(-4) /^rrow Points always to touch lines <dirrtor^sio>ned 



^htus: / T \ not fhu&: / » \ 



Points dlwcxys opposite 




not thws: 



1 1 m «»-»»( ons 



along on 



not Ti^^s 




\^-^ik- 



(14)1 Giva Oirn«nsion 0\^«r All o» well as &ub<lirneneioos| 



Vertical 



not tHMs: V nor 



e (i^erfica/ Oimensiono fo fead fi-orry RIGHT.) 



(15) D«cirr>al 



-*». 06 r-»ot -^.O* 



CONCERNING DIMENSIONS 



g 



I 



U^ STANDARD FOR V THREADS ^3 STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS 



TTHOiam ofSc> 
'4fc j or eolT 

I a i . 2^0 ' '4 



NEX/VSO MAC- 



SQUARE 



.13 






^1fe■ 





I 3 ..400 



HEX AGON 



"%Jl5TAND/\RD PI PL THf^EA05 



htcKnaaa THr»od« 
n«tal. incH. 






I % 5/2 -o . oee 18 



\ 1.49/ \ t '/z i 78 0.feT^ .oo» 'e 









P- l&D + fe' 
C- r« 113 



c » r« 1.15 
T-H.-D-;'/i 





Powg*^ 


e 




p»i/iO»ii" 


-» 




c- r« I..4I 


■. r-- 1^1 




Th-y«r 


TTyeP 


ly. TK. . D 


Th,-D-y. 



'!ecessar" 



OiVneneior-vs = 



iQl 



l@ 



CONVENTIONAL THREADS TAPPED HOLES BOLTS IN PLACE STUD C H E C ^^ JLAG 5CF?e\ 

is ^rfT^I """''^ NicTHoos ) (J, (g^ BOLT NUT 



JL 






Flot Eir^i 

For L-jr^e 
V" T^irwoicla 



oimgla Sq. 



Ooubis S<^ 



RsrSrrvjII 
VTHrtrada 



10 ♦■♦>r. f» irv, e»c 



A P O R TA PRO LTS 



CAP o" MACHINE SCREWS 



SCREWS 









exaaonat Heod SquoreHead Collar-ed | Hea^ 



Roin1 Pr I tT» 



Point Po.nf 



HMMI 



"mmiMja m i mmmmmmmimm 



Plare D 



V 



^p 




f 



^ 



t 




I 



Defined bv A aocT 8* 



iS£^ It 



7- -« ? 



»HAF 




^l I 



REVERSING 



Pulle" 



^1 



lEARlNSS 



— Fi 




\ (D -^ 



pullEY^'-^" set scREvys 



\^af>er r>^rn\ 



N^\ ^ SMALL 
\\\ SPUR SEARS 



/,'/ Often sHowo 



^^«^; 



SMALL 



BEVEL 




1 Memod of dina 



,_^ F»i'toh>C«»-C«o 




]< ^' ' 1 


'■ 


Hi GEAR 

/ 


III 


1- 





••"II 



SFAR^-^oPlNlGl* w.rr, Kej 





VALVE SEAT 



r^_. 






Cxaot Pr-Ojec1 


sm 




, Co»-'*»i.i( 



DOUBLE RIV^ETCD LAP OOIMT 



^ >Stt»a^o<-«j.c< S(t><ao»i9 , 




-^-S" E'j.oow-' 



Reouci<si« 



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CoriV«'Tflor%Ql Method 
©rt«n osool I 



PIPE PiTTI NGS 




P\c\M 







maeat 







F'cj.2 



5 P . a-nd T. P <a» snowi "" 
r>-eGe Dlor^aa or-e oolled F*LANES OP PROJECTION 



2. L«t foiy* po^pooQ 
p<ae» •^»-o>-vi ever-y 






plo»->eA will 1-i-ac« Three Vicw*^ F.V.. SV .-»TV1 «e •»»noi/vr>(Prg.iJ. 
•^ T^^ecc^ v i tw« ar^ coHeei tine PROJECTIONS 



^^ ^^e ORTHQ&RAPHIC PROJCCTlONS 



■ i->T Ai^^i.cs v^itin Thai 



a^pmotiv^ plortaa-'O' 



eiv = to Or-av. 



'o-rTOA<f ViSw . I 



.car-) bo otytairi 



S. Con»idei- TMe Pi.AMKa o" Pwojac 

' o>o AC ai-kd CkP 0«-» AO or^cl 



QlOK^g AB. Ttjr-o T.f ,_ ._ 

spi^ttoc^ all t-Hi-^e plOfO«» dot f/Qt. 
focot-ioo o-f t-He views will be a» 

Note rnot a. TY 16 above PV., and 9 V ot 



o^ FV^ 



b Poiot 1 ir» TOY is VewTic.^i-t-r 

c Point 1 i» or> ea<n>>* HowigoisjT^u Liiyg i»-» SV a «-!<:/ 
.d Diotvaooe C^l .n g.V . — <::< ietortc • 



f-r-o^ ■for- all c/orrmi 



o t>ov« pi^mofpias A|opiy t^^>-ie 



repi^eeenTotK 



Nore: F:V. t3-ffmr% callmct F~f~ *^ 



Q.V .. . S/OC fi.CK/' 



AUG 9 l*»^y 



m^STBomtr' 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



111 Hill nil! mil llil iniliniliMn nnnnMinin _ 
019 970 525 8 • 



